{"id":1118,"date":"2022-08-24T11:02:35","date_gmt":"2022-08-24T09:02:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/?p=1118"},"modified":"2024-06-17T12:45:21","modified_gmt":"2024-06-17T10:45:21","slug":"le-puceron-et-la-fourmi-et-des-relations-interspecifiques-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/le-puceron-et-la-fourmi-et-des-relations-interspecifiques-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab Le puceron et la fourmi \u00bb\u2026 et des relations intersp\u00e9cifiques !"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"root-eb-toc-5wz4ecq wp-block-essential-blocks-table-of-contents\"><div class=\"eb-parent-wrapper eb-parent-eb-toc-5wz4ecq \"><div class=\"eb-toc-container eb-toc-5wz4ecq  eb-toc-is-not-sticky eb-toc-not-collapsible eb-toc-initially-not-collapsed eb-toc-scrollToTop style-1 list-style-none\" data-scroll-top=\"false\" data-scroll-top-icon=\"fas fa-angle-up\" data-collapsible=\"false\" data-sticky-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-sticky=\"false\" data-scroll-target=\"scroll_to_toc\" data-copy-link=\"false\" data-editor-type=\"\" data-hide-desktop=\"false\" data-hide-tab=\"false\" data-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-itemCollapsed=\"false\" data-highlight-scroll=\"false\"><div class=\"eb-toc-header\"><h2 class=\"eb-toc-title\">Sommaire<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"eb-toc-wrapper \" data-headers=\"[{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Malheur, les f\\u00e8ves sont envahies de pucerons !&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Malheur, les f\\u00e8ves sont envahies de pucerons !&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-0&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Mais\\u2026 en y regardant de plus pr\\u00e8s, on peut remarquer que ces pucerons sont sous tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9troite surveillance !&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Mais\\u2026 en y regardant de plus pr\\u00e8s, on peut remarquer que ces pucerons sont sous tr\\u00e8s \\u00e9troite surveillance !&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-1&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;En r\\u00e9sum\\u00e9...&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;En r\\u00e9sum\\u00e9...&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-2&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Pour aller plus loin&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Pour aller plus loin&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;pour-aller-plus-loin&quot;}]\" data-visible=\"[true,true,true,true,true,true]\" data-delete-headers=\"[]\" data-smooth=\"true\" data-top-offset=\"\"><div class=\"eb-toc__list-wrap\"><ul class='eb-toc__list'><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-0\">Malheur, les f\u00e8ves sont envahies de pucerons !<\/a><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-1\">Mais\u2026 en y regardant de plus pr\u00e8s, on peut remarquer que ces pucerons sont sous tr\u00e8s \u00e9troite surveillance !<\/a><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-2\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9&#8230;<\/a><li><a href=\"#pour-aller-plus-loin\">Pour aller plus loin<\/a><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Malheur, les f\u00e8ves sont envahies de pucerons !<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Dans le coin Nature du Coll\u00e8ge, des&nbsp;<strong>f\u00e8ves&nbsp;<\/strong>avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 plant\u00e9es et entretenues par les \u00e9l\u00e8ves de l\u2019Eco\u2019Club.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Oui mais voila, en absence de traitement, ces v\u00e9g\u00e9taux de la famille des fabac\u00e9es ce sont vite retrouv\u00e9es couvertes de&nbsp;<strong>pucerons&nbsp;<\/strong>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ces petits insectes de quelques millim\u00e8tres poss\u00e8dent un rostre renfermant des stylets, pi\u00e8ces buccales pouvant \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es comme des aiguilles ou des pailles : ils piquent une tige de plante et aspirent la s\u00e8ve sucr\u00e9e coulant dans ses vaisseaux conducteurs ! Ces apports leurs permettent de produire l\u2019\u00e9nergie n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 leur fonctionnement et \u00e0 leur survie.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"937\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_080823.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1108\" style=\"width:387px;height:504px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_080823.jpg 720w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_080823-231x300.jpg 231w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\ud83c\udf31<em>&nbsp;Une colonie de pucerons sur les f\u00e8ves du Coll\u00e8ge<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"366\" height=\"382\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_081634.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_081634.jpg 366w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_20220613_081634-287x300.jpg 287w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\ud83d\udd0e<em>&nbsp;Un puceron observ\u00e9 \u00e0 la loupe binoculaire en classe (X10)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mais\u2026 en y regardant de plus pr\u00e8s, on peut remarquer que ces pucerons sont sous tr\u00e8s \u00e9troite surveillance !<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>\u200b<\/strong>En effet, des&nbsp;<strong>fourmis&nbsp;<\/strong>parcourent les colonies de fa\u00e7on r\u00e9guli\u00e8re. En quelque sorte, elles \u00e9l\u00e8vent les pucerons !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Un&nbsp;<strong>mutualisme&nbsp;<\/strong>existe en ces deux esp\u00e8ces : les fourmis, bien arm\u00e9es, d\u00e9fendent les pucerons contre leurs pr\u00e9dateurs et les parasites. Elles les d\u00e9placent \u00e9galement vers des plantes vigoureuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">En \u00e9change, les pucerons s\u00e9cr\u00e8tent un \u00ab&nbsp;miellat&nbsp;\u00bb, substance riche en sucres, dont les fourmis peuvent se nourrir (elles ne sont pas \u00e9quip\u00e9es de stylets et ne peuvent donc pas aspirer la s\u00e8ve des plantes directement). Notons qu\u2019en cas de trop grande colonie de pucerons ou de comportement jug\u00e9 agressif, la fourmi n\u2019h\u00e9site cependant pas \u00e0 manger des pucerons, qui lui fournissent alors un apport en prot\u00e9ines !<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"809\" height=\"1024\" sizes=\"(max-width: 809px) 100vw, 809px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Pucerons-fourmis-809x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1110\" style=\"width:466px;height:590px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Pucerons-fourmis-809x1024.jpg 809w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Pucerons-fourmis-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Pucerons-fourmis-768x972.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Pucerons-fourmis.jpg 836w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\ud83d\udc1c<em>&nbsp;Une fourmi \u00e9l\u00e8ve des pucerons dans le coin Nature<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9&#8230;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3 \u00eatres vivants d\u2019esp\u00e8ces&nbsp;diff\u00e9rentes&nbsp;<\/strong>entretiennent ici des relations que l\u2019on qualifiera d\u2019<strong>intersp\u00e9cifiques<\/strong>&nbsp;(puisque les individus sont d\u2019esp\u00e8ces&nbsp;diff\u00e9rentes) :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-list\">\n<li>Entre le puceron et le plant de f\u00e8ves :&nbsp;<strong>pr\u00e9dation&nbsp;<\/strong>(le premier consomme le second).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entre le puceron et la fourmi :&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trophobiose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">trophobiose<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(le premier offre de la nourriture \u00e0 la seconde).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour aller plus loin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Il existe un grand nombre d\u2019interactions biologiques ayant lieu \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat naturel entre organismes d\u2019esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. Une des mani\u00e8res de les organiser est de prendre en compte le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice que chaque organisme retire de l\u2019association.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On peut alors d\u00e9gager les interactions suivantes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Interactions-Wiki-1-1024x717.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1113\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Interactions-Wiki-1-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Interactions-Wiki-1-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Interactions-Wiki-1-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Interactions-Wiki-1.png 1052w\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u00a9 Salsero35 pour Wikim\u00e9dia<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Notons que le&nbsp;<strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">mutualisme<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;<\/strong>d\u00e9signe uniquement une interaction entre plusieurs esp\u00e8ces vivantes qui en retirent<strong>&nbsp;toutes les deux un avantage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u21aa\ufe0f La&nbsp;<strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">symbiose<\/span>&nbsp;<\/span><\/strong>(bien connue au Coll\u00e8ge !) est un cas particulier de mutualisme o\u00f9&nbsp;<strong>la relation est soit <span class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\">obligatoire<\/span>, soit <\/strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-pale-pink-color\"><strong>permanente<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/span>pour les organismes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">\u21aa\ufe0f La&nbsp;<strong><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">trophobiose<\/span>&nbsp;<\/mark><\/strong>(dont il est question entre nos pucerons et nos fourmis) est un cas particulier de mutualisme o\u00f9&nbsp;<strong>l\u2019un des deux organismes fourni de la <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-green-cyan-color\">nourriture<\/mark> \u00e0 l\u2019autre&nbsp;<\/strong>(ici le puceron, que l\u2019on appellera du doux nom de trophobionte) contre un autre service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(107,164,215) 0%,rgba(107,164,214,0.46) 100%)\"><strong>\u2b05\ufe0f Article Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(107,164,214,0.46) 0%,rgb(107,164,215) 100%)\"><strong>Article Suivant \u27a1\ufe0f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;observation des insectes ayant colonis\u00e9 les plantes de l&rsquo;espace Nature du Coll\u00e8ge est un bon pr\u00e9texte \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des relations intersp\u00e9cifiques !<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1110,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","slim_seo":{"title":"\u00ab Le puceron et la fourmi \u00bb\u2026 et des relations intersp\u00e9cifiques ! - Jenny-Online","description":"L'observation des insectes ayant colonis\u00e9 les plantes de l'espace Nature du Coll\u00e8ge est un bon pr\u00e9texte \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des relations intersp\u00e9cifiques !"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,39,79,18,29],"tags":[65,81,82,89,85,83,80,88,35,58,86,87],"class_list":["post-1118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3eme","category-6eme","category-nature","category-sciences-vie","category-svt","tag-biologie","tag-fourmi","tag-insectes","tag-jardin","tag-mutualisme","tag-nature","tag-puceron","tag-relations","tag-science","tag-svt","tag-symbiose","tag-trophobiose"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1118","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1118"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1679,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1118\/revisions\/1679"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}