{"id":1701,"date":"2024-08-13T17:15:16","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T15:15:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/?p=1701"},"modified":"2024-08-13T17:20:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T15:20:19","slug":"lespece-epineuse-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/lespece-epineuse-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"L&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce, \u00e9pineuse d\u00e9finition !"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"root-eb-toc-5wz4ecq wp-block-essential-blocks-table-of-contents\"><div class=\"eb-parent-wrapper eb-parent-eb-toc-5wz4ecq \"><div class=\"eb-toc-container eb-toc-5wz4ecq  eb-toc-is-not-sticky eb-toc-not-collapsible eb-toc-initially-not-collapsed eb-toc-scrollToTop style-1 list-style-none\" data-scroll-top=\"false\" data-scroll-top-icon=\"fas fa-angle-up\" data-collapsible=\"false\" data-sticky-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-sticky=\"false\" data-scroll-target=\"scroll_to_toc\" data-copy-link=\"false\" data-editor-type=\"\" data-hide-desktop=\"false\" data-hide-tab=\"false\" data-hide-mobile=\"false\" data-itemCollapsed=\"false\" data-highlight-scroll=\"false\"><div class=\"eb-toc-header\"><h2 class=\"eb-toc-title\">Sommaire<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"eb-toc-wrapper \" data-headers=\"[{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Introduction&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Introduction&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;introduction&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;A la recherche de crit\\u00e8res pour d\\u00e9finir l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;A la recherche de crit\\u00e8res pour d\\u00e9finir l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-1&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Testons notre d\\u00e9finition de l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Testons notre d\\u00e9finition de l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-2&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:4,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Le canard et la canne&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Le canard et la canne&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;le-canard-et-la-canne&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:4,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Le lion et la tigresse&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Le lion et la tigresse&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;le-lion-et-la-tigresse&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:4,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Le z\\u00e8bre et la jument&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Le z\\u00e8bre et la jument&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-5&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:4,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Le grizzly et l&#039;ours polaire&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Le grizzly et l&#039;ours polaire&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;le-grizzly-et-lours-polaire&quot;},{&quot;level&quot;:3,&quot;content&quot;:&quot;Pas une, mais plusieurs d\\u00e9finitions scientifiques de l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Pas une, mais plusieurs d\\u00e9finitions scientifiques de l&#039;esp\\u00e8ce&quot;,&quot;link&quot;:&quot;eb-table-content-7&quot;}]\" data-visible=\"[true,true,true,true,true,true]\" data-delete-headers=\"[]\" data-smooth=\"true\" data-top-offset=\"\"><div class=\"eb-toc__list-wrap\"><ul class='eb-toc__list'><li><a href=\"#introduction\">Introduction<\/a><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-1\">A la recherche de crit\u00e8res pour d\u00e9finir l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/a><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-2\">Testons notre d\u00e9finition de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/a><ul class='eb-toc__list'><li><a href=\"#le-canard-et-la-canne\">Le canard et la canne<\/a><li><a href=\"#le-lion-et-la-tigresse\">Le lion et la tigresse<\/a><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-5\">Le z\u00e8bre et la jument<\/a><li><a href=\"#le-grizzly-et-lours-polaire\">Le grizzly et l&rsquo;ours polaire<\/a><\/li><\/ul><li><a href=\"#eb-table-content-7\">Pas une, mais plusieurs d\u00e9finitions scientifiques de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/a><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">La biodiversit\u00e9 (ensemble des formes du vivant que l&rsquo;on peut observer sur la plan\u00e8te) est classiquement d\u00e9finie comme pouvant \u00eatre observ\u00e9e \u00e0 3 \u00e9chelles : <strong>l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me<\/strong>, contenant plusieurs <strong>esp\u00e8ces<\/strong>, contenant plusieurs <strong>individus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"279\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-1024x279.png\" alt=\"Image\" class=\"wp-image-1702\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-1024x279.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-300x82.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-768x209.png 768w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image-1536x418.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/image.png 2001w\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">L&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce semble donc \u00eatre un groupe d&rsquo;individus facile \u00e0 d\u00e9finir&#8230; mais est-ce vraiment le cas ? Comment identifier de bons crit\u00e8res permettant de dire de mani\u00e8re certaine que deux individus appartiennent (ou pas) \u00e0 la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A la recherche de crit\u00e8res pour d\u00e9finir l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Commen\u00e7ons par des \u00e9vidences : en observant les deux photos suivantes, tout le monde sera d&rsquo;accord pour dire que la premi\u00e8re regroupe des chats (esp\u00e8ce <em>Felis silvestris catus<\/em>) et la seconde des \u00eatres humains (esp\u00e8ce <em>Homo sapiens<\/em>). En effet, malgr\u00e9 des variations interindividuelles (polymorphismes permettant d&rsquo;identifier et de diff\u00e9rencier les individus entre eux) les individus de chaque photographie partagent de nombreux caract\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques en commun qui permettent d&rsquo;identifier rapidement l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 laquelle ils appartiennent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"624\" height=\"626\" data-id=\"1704\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chats.png\" alt=\"Chats\" class=\"wp-image-1704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chats.png 624w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chats-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chats-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chats (Wikim\u00e9dia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"754\" height=\"599\" data-id=\"1705\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Hommes.png\" alt=\"Hommes\" class=\"wp-image-1705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Hommes.png 754w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Hommes-300x238.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 754px) 100vw, 754px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Hommes<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Un premier crit\u00e8re permettant de savoir si deux \u00eatres vivants sont de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ou pas semble donc \u00eatre :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 Les deux individus se ressemblent ils ?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Cependant, cette premi\u00e8re d\u00e9finition simpliste ne r\u00e9siste pas \u00e0 quelques exemples suppl\u00e9mentaires :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"613\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises-1024x613.png\" alt=\"Punaises\" class=\"wp-image-1706 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises-1024x613.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises-768x460.png 768w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises-1536x920.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Punaises.png 1903w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ici, les diff\u00e9rentes \u00ab\u00a0punaises\u00a0\u00bb se ressemblent autant entre elles que les chats pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents se ressemblaient entre eux. Elles sont pourtant d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes !<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"805\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Fourmis.png\" alt=\"Fourmis\" class=\"wp-image-1707 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Fourmis.png 805w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Fourmis-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Fourmis-768x370.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ici, les diff\u00e9rentes fourmis ne se ressemblent pas tant que \u00e7a. Elles appartiennent pourtant \u00e0 la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Il est donc n\u00e9cessaire de compl\u00e9ter la d\u00e9finition pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente par un second crit\u00e8re, permettant de mieux discriminer les individus \u00e9tant de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ou pas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Prenons dans un premier temps le chat et le chien, que l&rsquo;on assume \u00eatre d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. On observe qu&rsquo;ils ne peuvent pas se reproduire entre eux. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"735\" height=\"454\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chien-et-Chat.png\" alt=\"Chien Et Chat\" class=\"wp-image-1709\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chien-et-Chat.png 735w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chien-et-Chat-300x185.png 300w\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Au contraire, on remarque que deux individus que l&rsquo;on sait \u00eatre de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce (comme l&rsquo;\u00e2ne et l&rsquo;\u00e2nesse, ou l&rsquo;\u00e9talon et la jument) sont eux capables d&rsquo;engendrer de la descendance fertile. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval-1024x463.png\" alt=\"Ane Cheval\" class=\"wp-image-1710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval-1024x463.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval-768x347.png 768w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval-1536x695.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ane-Cheval.png 1886w\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">On peut ainsi compl\u00e9ter la d\u00e9finition. Deux individus sont de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce si :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 Ils se ressemblent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Testons cette nouvelle d\u00e9finition. Assumons que le cheval et l&rsquo;\u00e2nesse sont d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. Ils se ressemblent un peu. Etant d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes, ils ne devraient pas pouvoir se reproduire entre eux. Hors&#8230; ils en sont capables. On obtient un bardot (ou une mule suivant le sexe des parents). On appelle ces individus des hybrides. Les hybrides sont st\u00e9riles : ils ne peuvent pas avoir d&rsquo;enfants \u00e0 leur tour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"696\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Badot.png\" alt=\"Badot\" class=\"wp-image-1711\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Badot.png 872w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Badot-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Badot-768x613.png 768w\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Ainsi, on peut compl\u00e9ter notre d\u00e9finition. 2 individus sont de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce si :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 Ils se ressemblent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3\ufe0f\u20e3 Leur descendance est fertile (= leurs petits peuvent \u00e9galement se reproduire)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testons notre d\u00e9finition de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le canard et la canne<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"881\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Canard.png\" alt=\"Canard\" class=\"wp-image-1712 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Canard.png 881w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Canard-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Canard-768x615.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 881px) 100vw, 881px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils se ressemblent : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux :  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Leur descendance est fertile : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Conclusion : Le canard et la canne valident les 3 crit\u00e8res. Ils sont bien de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le lion et la tigresse<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"781\" height=\"707\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ligre.png\" alt=\"Ligre\" class=\"wp-image-1713 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ligre.png 781w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ligre-300x272.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Ligre-768x695.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 781px) 100vw, 781px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils se ressemblent : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux :  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Leur descendance est fertile : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u274c <strong>non valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Conclusion : Le lion et la tigresse ne valident pas les 3 crit\u00e8res. Ils appartiennent \u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le z\u00e8bre et la jument<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"895\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Zebrule.png\" alt=\"Zebrule\" class=\"wp-image-1714 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Zebrule.png 895w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Zebrule-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Zebrule-768x611.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 895px) 100vw, 895px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils se ressemblent : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux :  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Leur descendance est fertile : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u274c <strong>non valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Conclusion : Le z\u00e8bre et la jument ne valident pas les 3 crit\u00e8res. Ils appartiennent \u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le grizzly et l&rsquo;ours polaire<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"948\" height=\"701\" src=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Pizzly.png\" alt=\"Pizzly\" class=\"wp-image-1715 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Pizzly.png 948w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Pizzly-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Pizzly-768x568.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils se ressemblent : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Ils peuvent se reproduire entre eux :  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3\ufe0f\u20e3 <\/strong>Leur descendance est fertile : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-medium-font-size\">\u2705 <strong>valid\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Conclusion surprenante ! On pourrait en dire deux choses :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Soit notre d\u00e9finition est correcte le grizzly et l&rsquo;ours polaire sont de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Soit notre d\u00e9finition est incorrecte (il s&rsquo;agit alors ici d&rsquo;un cas particulier), et le grizzly et l&rsquo;ours polaire sont d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, cela traduit la difficult\u00e9 \u00e0 mettre une d\u00e9finition humaine, dont l&rsquo;on souhaiterait qu&rsquo;elle fonctionne \u00e0 chaque fois, sur un concept naturel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pas une, mais plusieurs d\u00e9finitions scientifiques de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-medium-font-size\"><em>\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f En cours d&rsquo;\u00e9criture&#8230;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(107,164,215) 0%,rgba(107,164,214,0.46) 100%)\"><strong>\u2b05\ufe0f Article Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\" style=\"background:linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(107,164,214,0.46) 0%,rgb(107,164,215) 100%)\"><strong>Article Suivant \u27a1\ufe0f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce semble \u00eatre un groupe d&rsquo;individus facile \u00e0 d\u00e9finir&#8230; mais est-ce vraiment le cas ? Comment identifier de bons crit\u00e8res permettant de dire de mani\u00e8re certaine que deux individus appartiennent (ou pas) \u00e0 la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1717,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","slim_seo":{"title":"L'esp\u00e8ce, \u00e9pineuse d\u00e9finition ! - Jenny-Online","description":"L'esp\u00e8ce semble \u00eatre un groupe d'individus facile \u00e0 d\u00e9finir... mais est-ce vraiment le cas ? Comment identifier de bons crit\u00e8res permettant de dire de mani\u00e8re c"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,74,39,4,79,18,29],"tags":[65,109,105,111,104,108,107,83,106,35,9,58,63,20],"class_list":["post-1701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-3eme","category-4eme","category-6eme","category-education","category-nature","category-sciences-vie","category-svt","tag-biologie","tag-descendance","tag-ecologie","tag-ecosysteme","tag-espece","tag-fertilite","tag-hybride","tag-nature","tag-reproduction","tag-science","tag-sciences","tag-svt","tag-vie","tag-vivant"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1701","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1701"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1701\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1719,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1701\/revisions\/1719"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jenny-online.fr\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}